建築好きの人なら「ピロティ」という言葉をご存知の方も多いかもしれません。
簡単に説明すると、建物の一階部分が“柱”のみとなっていて、2階から上の建物を支える形のことを言います。高床式住居を想像してもらえれば分かり易いかもしれません。
元を辿れば、フランスの世界的建築家として知られるル・コルビュジエが提唱した、「近代建築の五原則」から来ていて、現代の建築において重要な礎となっています。
構造的にもピロティとして一階部分が開くことによって、スペースの確保、見え方のぬけ感があることなど利点も多いです。
難しい話になってしまいましたが、そんな「ピロティ」が広島の街並みに溶け込むように存在している事実をみなさんご存知でしょうか？
ダントツ有名なところを言いますと、平和記念公園にあります「広島平和記念資料館」です。
広島の象徴、平和の象徴と言われ日本を代表する建造物ですが、こちらは建築家丹下健三氏設計のもと1954年に建築されました。正面から見るピロティは、平和の火から原爆ドームまでを一本に貫く景色を切り取るようであり、また時には大勢の訪問者を迎えるゲートとして、そこに存在しています。
丹下健三はル・コルビュジエの直系の孫弟子にあたり、「ピロティ」を自身の解釈として平和記念資料館に昇華させています。
後年に建てられた建造物で、同じくル・コルビュジエのDNAを感じることができる場所があります。それが「基町高層アパート」です。
基町高層アパートが位置するのは太田川の川縁。戦時中は軍用地として使われ、第二次世界大戦時には陸軍病院として使われていました。原爆投下で全てが焼け野原になった後からは、行く宛もない人たちの不法建築不法住宅が並びました。
その後、広島復興に伴った人口増加に対する再開発政策によって建築されたのが「基町高層アパート」です。
あとから知りましたが、こちらもル・コルビュジエのDNAを継ぐ建築家大高正人氏の設計で、欧州の集合住宅で見るような重厚な外観と、それを支えるピロティからは太田川へのアプローチが覗きます。
ぐるりと楕円状にアパートが配置され、全ての屋上には庭園があり、アパートが囲む中央には緑が茂る公園が配置され、その公園真下にはアーケード街が並びます。
考え抜かれた構成と、その建物の重厚感は1970年代に完成されたものとは思えませんでした。
基町高層アパートに隣接するところにも、違う年代での「ピロティ」を見ることができます。「広島市立基町高等学校」です。
基町高校は2000年に校舎が改築され、現代的な外観にリニューアルを果たしました。
設計は京都駅ビル、札幌ドームなどを手がけた原広司氏。基町高校はアニメ映画「君の名は」で主人公瀧くんが通う高校のモデルに採用されたのが有名ではないでしょうか。（内部は映画で見ていただくのもいいかもしれません。）
校舎を支えるピロティはグランドと広島城天守閣を結び、現代的な建造物でコンクリートの圧力がある中での抜け感でバランスを保っています。
基町高校のピロティが、丹下健三の「広島平和記念資料館」からのオマージュであるかは不明ですが、不思議なリンクを感じてしまいます。
最後にご紹介するのは、僕の地元に近くなりますが、安佐北区可部に位置します、「ステーキハウス染と茶」です。
ログハウス風の外観を下部からピロティが支え、一階部分は車の入る駐車場になっています。正面背面ともにガラス張りとなっており、裏側の田園風景を切り取ってくれています。
設計は高須賀晋氏で1970年代に「虹山画荘」として完成し、現在はレストランとして営業されています。
建築もさることながら、こちらのハンバーグランチならびにステーキランチは味もコスパもパフォーマンスが高いです。著者お墨付きですので、建築探訪ついでのランチにもおすすめです。
今回は「ピロティ」をキーワードにして、駆け足ですが広島の見るべき行くべき建築群をご紹介いたしました。コロナ禍で思うように外出できない世の中ですが、人混みを避けた楽しみとして訪れてみてはいかがでしょうか。
箕本 勇希
在籍店舗／ref.
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Hiroshima Architectural Masterpieces with Pilotis
If you are interested in architecture, you may know the word “Pilotis”. To explain it briefly, it is the construction of a building that has only “pillars” on the ground floor, and they support its upper floors of the building. It may be easy to understand if you think of raised-floor-style houses.
The origin of pilotis can be traced back to “Les 5 points d’une architecture nouvelle” (The Five Points of Architecture) advocated by Le Corbusier, who is a world-renowned architect from France, and it has become a fundamental basis of modern architecture. There are also a lot of advantages structurally, such as securing space and giving a feeling of visual spaciousness by opening the ground floor to pilotis.
Although the explanation of pilotis has been complicated so far, have you ever heard of the fact that there are several buildings with “pilotis” naturally blending into the cityscape of Hiroshima? The most famous one by far is the “Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum” in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum is a representative piece of architecture of Japan, and is a symbol of Hiroshima as well as a symbol of peace, and was built in 1954, based on the design by the architect Kenzo Tange. The pilotis seen from the front seem to cut out the view running through from the Peace Flame to the Atomic Bomb Dome, and in some cases it stands there as a gate to welcome large groups of visitors. Kenzo Tange was a direct disciple of one of Le Corbusier’s disciples, and sublimated “pilotis” into the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum with his own interpretation.
There is another piece of architecture, built in later years, that you can also feel Le Corbusier’s DNA in. That is, the “Motomachi High-Rise Apartments”. The Motomachi High-Rise Apartments are located along the Ota River. There used to be a military reservation there during wartime, and the area was used for a military hospital during World WarⅡ. After everything had become burnt to ruins due to the atomic bombing, there were lots of illegal construction and housing built all side by side by the people who had nowhere to go. Afterwards, the buildings that were built for the redevelopment policy to account for population growth due to the reconstruction of post-war Hiroshima were the “Motomachi High-Rise Apartments”.
In my point of view as a local, the apartments, having stood heavily there since I can remember, have been massive and have created a strange atmosphere and a profound feeling within me every time I saw them from the Astram Line. Although I found out about this later, the apartments were designed by Masato Otaka, an architect who also carries on Le Corbusier’s DNA. The Motomachi High-Rise Apartments have a heavy external appearance like that of apartment complexes in Europe, and you can see from its front, the Ota River through the pilotis which support the buildings. The apartments, placed elliptically, have gardens on every rooftop, and surrounded by the apartments there is a park with a lot of green in the middle of them, and a shopping arcade just under the park. I felt that I could not believe the buildings had been completed in the 1970s because of the well thought-out composition of them.
You can also find another building with “pilotis” from a different period nearby the Motomachi High-Rise Apartments. This building is the “Hiroshima Municipal Motomachi Senior High School”. The school buildings of Motomachi Senior High School were rebuilt in 2000, and have been revamped into a modern exterior. The design is by Hiroshi Hara, who worked on buildings such as the Kyoto Station Building and the Sapporo Dome, etc. Motomachi Senior High School may be famous as the model of the high school that the main character, Taki goes to in the animation film “Your Name” (it might also be a good idea to see the interior of the school in the film). The pilotis, which support the buildings, connect the grounds with the Hiroshima Castle Tower, and maintain a balance with its openness and its pressure from concrete by modern construction. I cannot help but feel a wonderful link between the Motomachi Senior High School and the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, although it is unknown whether the pilotis of Motomachi Senior High School are an homage to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum by Kenzo Tange, or not.
The building I’d like to lastly introduce is the “Steak House Some to Cha” located in Kabe, in Asakita-ku, which is my hometown. The exterior of this building resembles a log cabin and its ground floor, composed of pilotis, is turned into a parking lot. Both the facade and the rear side are made of glass, which cut out the rural scenery behind the building.
The architecture, designed by Susumu Takasuga was built in the 1970s with the title “Nijiyama Gasou”, and is at present operated as a restaurant. Not only is it a great piece of architecture, but its hamburger steak lunch and steak lunch are also a great value for the price. With my endorsement, I recommend having lunch there while going around exploring architecture.
This time I have briefly introduced some works of architecture that you should see and visit in Hiroshima with “pilotis” as a key word. Since we cannot go out as we wish to in this day and age due to COVID-19, how about exploring them for fun while avoiding crowds.
英訳
五味 実大
在籍店舗／SOPH. HIROSHIMA
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